The application of CO2 power cycle has a wide range of heat sources, and there is great room for development in the fields of industrial residual heat energy, geothermal energy, solar heat energy, biomass energy, nuclear energy and conventional fossil energy. In the field of medium-to-high-temperature thermal power generation, the advantages are even more pronounced. It has led the revolution in power generation and has become the potential of mainstream and core power generation technologies. Research institutes such as Sandia National Laboratory, Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories have actively studied it as a revolutionary frontier technology.
The circulating medium, CO2, is non-toxic, non-flammable, stable, environmentally friendly, and low in cost. It is a natural working fluid that is widely found in nature and industrial processes. In the CO2 power cycle, the working medium is often in a supercritical state (the working medium in the supercritical Brayton cycle is in the supercritical state, and the working medium in the transcritical CO2 power cycle is in the supercritical state during the endothermic absorption and initial expansion), which makes the CO2 power cycle have Extremely high cycle thermal efficiency and power density. The Sandia National Laboratory in the United States pointed out that the supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle can achieve a thermal efficiency of 43% at a heat source temperature of 538°C and a thermal efficiency of up to 50% at 700°C, significantly higher than the traditional Rankine cycle of thermal power generation. About 33% thermal efficiency. The high power density makes the size of CO2 power cycle generators reduced to tens or even 1% of conventional Rankine cycle generator sets, and is favored by space, ships, submarines and other space-constrained applications.
The Institute of Mechanics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences adopted the rolling rotor expander as the system's expansion component, realized CO2 transcritical power cycle power generation in the laboratory, and conducted systemic cycle experiments. Related results were published in Energy (Pan L, Li B, Wei X and Li T, Energy, 2016, 95: 247-254).
Under the lower operating parameters, the high-pressure side pressure is 11.0 MPa, the low-pressure side pressure is 4.6 MPa, and the expander inlet temperature is 80° C., and 1.1 kW of stable power generation and 5.0% of cycle thermal efficiency are obtained (irrespective of the working pressure. Pump power). CO2 power cycle pressure difference is large, resulting in low efficiency of the dynamic seal between the high pressure chamber and the low pressure chamber of the expander, easy to form a large internal leakage, the efficiency of the expander is generally not high, the isentropic efficiency of the expander reaches 21.4% in this experiment . The rolling rotor expander has a starting dead point, and the power generated at the moment of start-up is extremely high, and then it rapidly drops, there is a large fluctuation, and eventually reaches a stable operation. The power generated by the system is greatly influenced by the speed of the working fluid pump and increases with the increase of the pump speed. When the working pump speed remains constant, the generated current decreases with the increase of the load resistance, and the generated voltage changes little, causing a negative correlation between the generated power and the load resistance.
The above research work was supported by the research and development project of pure scientific research equipment for the development of pure low temperature waste heat CO2 working medium power generation.
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