Organic fertilizers are mainly derived from animals and have special effects in providing comprehensive nutrients and improving soil properties. Because it generally does not contain synthetic chemicals, it is considered to be the only fertilizer for the production of organic foods and the preferred fertilizer for the production of pollution-free agricultural products. However, in the current vegetable production, people often ignore the organic fertilizer treatment or improper application methods, which has adversely affected the vegetable production and ecological environment. Newspapers often receive letters from farmers’ friends and ask how to properly apply organic fertilizer. The article on the application of organic fertilizer by Nanjing Agricultural University Ni Hongzhen is now published for your reference!
Common organic fertilizer types and their characteristics on vegetables
In 1990, the Ministry of Agriculture investigated the national organic fertilizer resources. According to the resource characteristics, nature functions and accumulation methods of organic fertilizers, the organic fertilizers were classified into manure, compost, straw, green manure, soil fertilizer, cake fertilizer, There are 10 categories of sea fat, humic acid, agricultural town waste and biogas fertilizer. Now introduces 6 kinds of organic fertilizers (excluding commercial organic fertilizers) commonly used in vegetables and their quality characteristics. The effective fertilizers in each organic fertilizer are shown in the table below.
Table: Effective fat content of various organic fertilizers Organic content Nitrogen content Phosphorus content Potassium content
Human excrement 5-10% 0.5-0.8% 0.2-0.4% 0.2-0.3%
Pig pen dung 25% 0.45% 0.2% 0.6%
Horse fat 25% 0.58% 0.28% 0.53%
Sheep feces 32% 0.83% 0.23% 0.67%
Poultry manure 25% 1.63% 1.50% 0.85%
Straw compost 15-25% 0.4-0.5% 0.18-0.26% 0.45-0.7%
The content of organic matter in human excrement is low, and the amount of phosphorus and potassium is also small, but the nitrogen content is high and the carbon to nitrogen ratio is small, easy to decompose, the utilization rate is high, and the fertilizer efficiency is rapid. It is called fine fertilizer and is used for quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer application (for water 3) Splash around) Because it contains a certain amount of salt, the amount should not be too much. Human excrement should be stored in a special tank and capped. A small amount of bitter and insecticidal insecticide should be added. It should be stored for half a month in summer and one month in spring and autumn.
The pig manure pig pen dung is made from pig manure and padding. It contains more organic matter and NPK. The ratio of NPK is about 2:1:3. The texture is fine and the carbon to nitrogen ratio is fine. Small, prone to maturity, relatively quick fertilizer effect, is a relatively balanced high-quality complete fertilizer, more for the base fertilizer or early spring application. When accumulating fertilizer, use straw straw washers. After the coiling, the external mud of the fertilizer pile is used for a while and then used as well.
Horse 厩 fat Horse (骡, 驴) 厩 fertilizer has less active ingredients and higher fertilizer quality. The horse's fat is loose and loose, and it can produce high temperature during the accumulation process. It is a hot fertilizer and has a quick fertilizer effect. Generally, it is not applied alone, but is mixed with the pig manure. It is often used as a base fertilizer in early spring or autumn application. Take the pile up and stack it for a long time to slowly ferment it to prevent nutrient loss.
Sheep pen dung is fine in texture, low in water, rich in fat, and has a fever characteristic slightly higher than that of horse manure. It is a high-quality fertilizer with both late and speed. Sheep pen dung has wide applicability and can be used as base fertilizer or top dressing. It is suitable for the application of top dressing in western melon and other crops. It is easy to pile and easy to decompose. Pay attention to rain and wash.
Poultry manure has high nutrient content (goose manure is slightly lower due to water content), contains more nitrogen and phosphorus, is more balanced in nutrients, and is prone to be mature. It is a hot fertilizer and can be used as base fertilizer and top dressing. Poultry manure contains a certain amount of calcium, but magnesium is relatively scarce. It should be treated with other fertilizers.
Straw compost has a high carbon to nitrogen ratio and is a hot fertilizer. The decomposition is slow, but the fertilizer effect is lasting. Long-term application can play a role in soil modification. Composting has a wide applicability and is often used as a base fertilizer. When composting should pay attention to control the water in 60-75%, properly ventilate, add some manure to adjust the carbon to nitrogen ratio.
Scientific application of organic fertilizer
Organic fertilizer plays an important role in providing comprehensive nutrition for vegetables, stimulating vegetable growth, improving the ability of vegetables to resist drought and sputum, promoting soil microbial reproduction, improving soil structure, enhancing soil fertility and fertilizer supply, buffering capacity, and improving fertilizer utilization. Therefore, scientific application of organic fertilizer is particularly important in vegetable production.
Organic fertilizer must be fully cooked. Organic waste such as livestock manure and crop straw may cause vegetable pests and diseases due to the possibility of containing more germs, eggs, grass seeds, etc., and also spread some diseases harmful to human health through vegetables. Furthermore, the organic waste directly applied will be further fermented in the field, competing for oxygen with the roots of the vegetables, generating a large amount of heat, and easily causing burning of the seedlings. Therefore, the application of fully decomposed organic fertilizers is recommended to minimize the occurrence of these harmful phenomena. For example, the application of semi-fermented organic fertilizer should be kept at a certain distance from the root system.
Organic fertilizer should be applied in moderation. The maximum application rate of organic fertilizer should meet the nutritional needs of crops. The nutrient content of cake fertilizer and chicken manure is relatively high, and the single application amount of base fertilizer is too large, which is easy to cause fertilizer damage, promote soil nitrification, and increase nitrate content of vegetables. Therefore, when chicken manure-based compost is used as the base fertilizer, melon, watermelon, tomato, beans and other less-fertilizer vegetables should not be more than 500 kg per acre. Cucumber, eggplant, pepper and other multi-fertilizer vegetables should not exceed 1000 per mu. kg.
The application of organic fertilizer should be reasonably matched. The rational combination of organic fertilizer and organic fertilizer, organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer can fully exert the advantages of combination of slow-acting and quick-acting fertilizer, and regulate the growth and quality of vegetables. For example, the nutrient content in sheep manure is the highest in livestock manure, the decomposition rate is faster, and the fertilizer efficiency is fiercer. In order to achieve stable fertilizer efficiency, pig manure or cow manure should be added to the sheep manure; human excrement is a quick-acting organic fertilizer, application It should be mixed with coarse organic fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Some organic fertilizers have a high carbon to nitrogen ratio. After the application of soil microbes and crops to compete for nitrogen, causing nitrogen deficiency, it is necessary to apply an appropriate amount of chemical nitrogen fertilizer. The application of organic fertilizer with phosphorus fertilizer is beneficial to improve the fertilizer efficiency of phosphate fertilizer. The application of organic fertilizer and biological fertilizer is also beneficial to improve fertilizer efficiency.
Pay attention to the method of organic fertilizer application. Some organic fertilizers have long effect and slow release of nutrients. Generally, they should be used as base fertilizers. Combined with deep tillage, it is beneficial to the integration of soils, promote the formation of water-stable aggregate structures, and effectively improve the soil. When applying quick-acting organic fertilizer during crop growth, it should be applied by trenching or digging pits. After application, cover the soil in time and do not sprinkle it on the surface. Leafy vegetables are generally not suitable for spraying organic fertilizer on the foliage.
Common organic fertilizer types and their characteristics on vegetables
In 1990, the Ministry of Agriculture investigated the national organic fertilizer resources. According to the resource characteristics, nature functions and accumulation methods of organic fertilizers, the organic fertilizers were classified into manure, compost, straw, green manure, soil fertilizer, cake fertilizer, There are 10 categories of sea fat, humic acid, agricultural town waste and biogas fertilizer. Now introduces 6 kinds of organic fertilizers (excluding commercial organic fertilizers) commonly used in vegetables and their quality characteristics. The effective fertilizers in each organic fertilizer are shown in the table below.
Table: Effective fat content of various organic fertilizers Organic content Nitrogen content Phosphorus content Potassium content
Human excrement 5-10% 0.5-0.8% 0.2-0.4% 0.2-0.3%
Pig pen dung 25% 0.45% 0.2% 0.6%
Horse fat 25% 0.58% 0.28% 0.53%
Sheep feces 32% 0.83% 0.23% 0.67%
Poultry manure 25% 1.63% 1.50% 0.85%
Straw compost 15-25% 0.4-0.5% 0.18-0.26% 0.45-0.7%
The content of organic matter in human excrement is low, and the amount of phosphorus and potassium is also small, but the nitrogen content is high and the carbon to nitrogen ratio is small, easy to decompose, the utilization rate is high, and the fertilizer efficiency is rapid. It is called fine fertilizer and is used for quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer application (for water 3) Splash around) Because it contains a certain amount of salt, the amount should not be too much. Human excrement should be stored in a special tank and capped. A small amount of bitter and insecticidal insecticide should be added. It should be stored for half a month in summer and one month in spring and autumn.
The pig manure pig pen dung is made from pig manure and padding. It contains more organic matter and NPK. The ratio of NPK is about 2:1:3. The texture is fine and the carbon to nitrogen ratio is fine. Small, prone to maturity, relatively quick fertilizer effect, is a relatively balanced high-quality complete fertilizer, more for the base fertilizer or early spring application. When accumulating fertilizer, use straw straw washers. After the coiling, the external mud of the fertilizer pile is used for a while and then used as well.
Horse 厩 fat Horse (骡, 驴) 厩 fertilizer has less active ingredients and higher fertilizer quality. The horse's fat is loose and loose, and it can produce high temperature during the accumulation process. It is a hot fertilizer and has a quick fertilizer effect. Generally, it is not applied alone, but is mixed with the pig manure. It is often used as a base fertilizer in early spring or autumn application. Take the pile up and stack it for a long time to slowly ferment it to prevent nutrient loss.
Sheep pen dung is fine in texture, low in water, rich in fat, and has a fever characteristic slightly higher than that of horse manure. It is a high-quality fertilizer with both late and speed. Sheep pen dung has wide applicability and can be used as base fertilizer or top dressing. It is suitable for the application of top dressing in western melon and other crops. It is easy to pile and easy to decompose. Pay attention to rain and wash.
Poultry manure has high nutrient content (goose manure is slightly lower due to water content), contains more nitrogen and phosphorus, is more balanced in nutrients, and is prone to be mature. It is a hot fertilizer and can be used as base fertilizer and top dressing. Poultry manure contains a certain amount of calcium, but magnesium is relatively scarce. It should be treated with other fertilizers.
Straw compost has a high carbon to nitrogen ratio and is a hot fertilizer. The decomposition is slow, but the fertilizer effect is lasting. Long-term application can play a role in soil modification. Composting has a wide applicability and is often used as a base fertilizer. When composting should pay attention to control the water in 60-75%, properly ventilate, add some manure to adjust the carbon to nitrogen ratio.
Scientific application of organic fertilizer
Organic fertilizer plays an important role in providing comprehensive nutrition for vegetables, stimulating vegetable growth, improving the ability of vegetables to resist drought and sputum, promoting soil microbial reproduction, improving soil structure, enhancing soil fertility and fertilizer supply, buffering capacity, and improving fertilizer utilization. Therefore, scientific application of organic fertilizer is particularly important in vegetable production.
Organic fertilizer must be fully cooked. Organic waste such as livestock manure and crop straw may cause vegetable pests and diseases due to the possibility of containing more germs, eggs, grass seeds, etc., and also spread some diseases harmful to human health through vegetables. Furthermore, the organic waste directly applied will be further fermented in the field, competing for oxygen with the roots of the vegetables, generating a large amount of heat, and easily causing burning of the seedlings. Therefore, the application of fully decomposed organic fertilizers is recommended to minimize the occurrence of these harmful phenomena. For example, the application of semi-fermented organic fertilizer should be kept at a certain distance from the root system.
Organic fertilizer should be applied in moderation. The maximum application rate of organic fertilizer should meet the nutritional needs of crops. The nutrient content of cake fertilizer and chicken manure is relatively high, and the single application amount of base fertilizer is too large, which is easy to cause fertilizer damage, promote soil nitrification, and increase nitrate content of vegetables. Therefore, when chicken manure-based compost is used as the base fertilizer, melon, watermelon, tomato, beans and other less-fertilizer vegetables should not be more than 500 kg per acre. Cucumber, eggplant, pepper and other multi-fertilizer vegetables should not exceed 1000 per mu. kg.
The application of organic fertilizer should be reasonably matched. The rational combination of organic fertilizer and organic fertilizer, organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer can fully exert the advantages of combination of slow-acting and quick-acting fertilizer, and regulate the growth and quality of vegetables. For example, the nutrient content in sheep manure is the highest in livestock manure, the decomposition rate is faster, and the fertilizer efficiency is fiercer. In order to achieve stable fertilizer efficiency, pig manure or cow manure should be added to the sheep manure; human excrement is a quick-acting organic fertilizer, application It should be mixed with coarse organic fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Some organic fertilizers have a high carbon to nitrogen ratio. After the application of soil microbes and crops to compete for nitrogen, causing nitrogen deficiency, it is necessary to apply an appropriate amount of chemical nitrogen fertilizer. The application of organic fertilizer with phosphorus fertilizer is beneficial to improve the fertilizer efficiency of phosphate fertilizer. The application of organic fertilizer and biological fertilizer is also beneficial to improve fertilizer efficiency.
Pay attention to the method of organic fertilizer application. Some organic fertilizers have long effect and slow release of nutrients. Generally, they should be used as base fertilizers. Combined with deep tillage, it is beneficial to the integration of soils, promote the formation of water-stable aggregate structures, and effectively improve the soil. When applying quick-acting organic fertilizer during crop growth, it should be applied by trenching or digging pits. After application, cover the soil in time and do not sprinkle it on the surface. Leafy vegetables are generally not suitable for spraying organic fertilizer on the foliage.
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