1. Reduce total energy demand
According to statistics, in developed countries, air-conditioning heating energy consumption accounts for 65% of building energy consumption. At present, the recent growth rate of energy for heating, air conditioning and lighting in China has been significantly higher than that of energy production. Therefore, reducing the cooling, heat and lighting energy consumption of buildings is an important part of reducing the total energy consumption of buildings. Generally, the following can be Several aspects are achieved.
1.1 Architectural Planning and Design
In the face of global energy and environmental issues, many new design concepts have emerged, such as micro-row buildings, low-energy buildings, zero-energy buildings and green buildings. They essentially require architects to proceed from the overall integrated design concept. Energy analysis experts, environmental experts, equipment engineers and architects work closely together. In the planning and design of buildings, according to the influence of a wide range of climatic conditions, focusing on the specific environmental climate characteristics of the building itself, the use of the natural environment (such as outside air, rain, lakes and greening, terrain, etc.) to create a good building interior micro Climate to minimize dependence on construction equipment. The specific measures can be summarized into the following three aspects: rational selection of the address of the building, and reasonable external environment design (main methods: arranging trees, vegetation, water surface, rockery, wall around the building); rational design of the building shape (including the overall construction) The determination of the volume and the orientation of the building) to improve the existing microclimate; the rational architectural design is a key part of making full use of the outdoor micro-environment of the building to improve the micro-environment of the building interior, mainly through the structural design and construction of the various components of the building. A reasonable separation of the interior space is achieved. At the same time, the relevant software can be used to optimize the design, such as using the architectural shadow simulation in Tianzheng Building (II), assisting the design of the building orientation and the roads, greening, outdoor leisure space and CFD software of the residential community, such as: PHOENICS, Fluent, etc. Whether the air flow inside and outside is smooth.
1.2 Enclosure structure
The components of the building envelope (roof, wall, foundation, insulation, sealing material, doors and windows, shading) are designed for building energy consumption, environmental performance, indoor air quality and the visual and thermal comfort of the user. Have a fundamental impact. Generally, the cost of the enclosing structure is only 3% to 6% of the total investment, while the energy saving can reach 20% to 40%. By improving the thermal performance of the building envelope structure, outdoor heat can be reduced into the room during the summer, and the heat loss in the room can be reduced in the winter, so that the building thermal environment can be improved, thereby reducing the building's cold and heat consumption. Firstly, improving the thermal performance of the components of the enclosure structure is generally carried out by changing the thermal properties of the constituent materials, such as the newly developed thermal diode wall in the European Union (low-cost sheet thermal diodes allow only one-direction heat transfer, A glass that can produce thermal insulation and thermal properties that vary with the seasons. Then, according to the local climate, the geographical location and orientation of the building, and based on the calculation results of the building energy consumption software DOE-2.0, the optimization design method of the enclosure structure is selected. Finally, assess the technical and economic feasibility of the various components and combinations of the enclosure to determine a technically viable and economical enclosure.
1.3 Improve end user energy efficiency
The energy-efficient heating and air-conditioning system can reduce the heating and air-conditioning energy consumption in parallel with the above measures to reduce the indoor heat and cold load. First, according to the characteristics and functions of the building, design energy-efficient HVAC equipment systems, such as heat pump systems, energy storage systems, and district heating and cooling systems. Then, in use, an energy management and monitoring system is used to monitor and regulate indoor comfort, indoor air quality and energy consumption. For example, European countries measure the temperature, humidity and sunshine intensity of the surrounding environment through sensors, and then predict the heating and air conditioning load based on the building dynamic model to control the operation of the HVAC system. In other home appliances and office equipment, energy-certified products should be used as much as possible. For example, the United States generally encourages the use of ENERGY STAR products, while Australia implements minimum energy efficiency standards (MEPS) for energy-intensive home appliances.
1.4 Improve overall energy efficiency
Energy losses are significant in the transition from primary energy to terminal energy used in construction equipment systems. Therefore, evaluation should be carried out from the whole process (including mining, treatment, transportation, storage, distribution and terminal utilization) in order to fully reflect the energy efficiency and the impact of energy on the environment. Energy-consuming equipment in buildings, such as air conditioners, water heaters, washing machines, etc., should use energy-efficient energy supplies. For example, as a fuel, natural gas is more energy efficient than the total energy of electricity. The second-generation energy system can make full use of different grades of thermal energy to maximize energy efficiency, such as combined heat and power (CHP) and cogeneration (CCHP).
2, the use of new energy
In terms of energy conservation and environmental protection, [2] the use of new energy plays a vital role. New energy usually refers to unconventional renewable energy, including solar energy, geothermal energy, wind energy, and biomass energy. People have extensively explored various ways of utilizing solar energy, and gradually clarified the direction of development, so that solar energy can be used initially, such as: 1 As an important project in solar energy utilization, solar thermal power generation technology is relatively mature, the United States, Israel, Australia, etc. The state has invested in the construction of a number of experimental solar thermal power stations, and it is expected to realize the commercialization of solar thermal power generation. 2 With the development of solar photovoltaic power generation, many photovoltaic power plants and “sun roof†demonstration projects have been built abroad, which will promote The rapid development of grid power generation systems; 3 Currently, there are tens of thousands of photovoltaic pumps operating in various parts of the world; 4 solar water heater technology is relatively mature, and has the corresponding technical standards and specifications, but still need to further improve the function of solar water heaters, and Strengthening the integration of solar energy buildings; 5 Passive solar buildings have been widely used due to their simple structure and low cost. Their design techniques have been relatively mature, and there are reference manuals for reference; 6 solar absorption refrigeration technology appeared earlier , has been applied in the field of large air conditioners; too However, in general, the current scale of solar energy utilization is still small, the technology is still not perfect, and the degree of commercialization is also low. It is still necessary to continue to conduct extensive and extensive research. When utilizing geothermal energy, on the one hand, high-temperature geothermal energy can be used to generate electricity or directly for heating and hot water supply; on the other hand, low-temperature geothermal energy can be utilized by means of ground source heat pump and tunnel air system. Wind power generation is more suitable for high-rise buildings in windy coastlines and high-rise buildings that are prone to strong winds. There are successful engineering examples in the UK and Hong Kong, but in the construction sector, the more common form of wind energy utilization is natural ventilation.
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