1. Temperature measurement. The test point of the highest surface temperature of explosion-proof explosion-proof lamps is on the outer surface of the lamps. Increased safety explosion-proof lighting requires that the maximum surface temperature of any component should not exceed the corresponding temperature group, the maximum surface temperature of the lamp appears on the bulb of the light source. Therefore, the temperature classification of the increased safety lighting fixtures using flameproof lamps with the same light source (due to the difference in test points, one outer surface and one inner surface) should be at least 1 and 2 groups apart. By determining the temperature group's increased safety explosion-proof luminaires in this way, there is no high temperature that can ignite the explosive mixture.
Explosion-proof explosion-proof lamp structure features:
2. The lamp holder has a flameproof cavity structure. The portion of the screw base that may produce sparks when replacing the lamp should be placed in a separate flameproof chamber. In order to prevent the spiral light bulb from loosening itself in the lamp holder, the rotation torque and the unwinding torque of the lamp holder should meet the requirements of the standard. The pin and lamp base of a single pin without starter fluorescent lamp shall comply with the requirements of the Fa6 lamp holder, and its structure is also a flameproof structure. This structure avoids the generation of sparks.
Explosion-proof explosion-proof lamp accessories selection:
3. Components such as switches and triggers that may generate sparks or dangerous temperatures should be placed in a flameproof enclosure or in a housing that provides equal safety margins (eg, encapsulation, sand filling, etc.) to avoid ignition of flammable gases.
Explosion-proof explosion-proof light source matching:
4. The choice of light source. Compared with other types of explosion-proof lamps, the increased safety type explosion-proof lamps require the light source to be the most stringent. The light sources allowed for the feeder-powered luminaires are:
A. Fluorescent lamps with a single pin and no starter;
B. General purpose incandescent lamps;
C, mixed light (self-ballasted mercury lamp).
Optical Microscopy
In optical microscopy different filters are used to improve contrast and emphasize specific features based on material properties. This can be achieved with magnifications typically ranging from 2.5 times up to 1,000 times. In materialography, reflected light is the most commonly used type of light optical microscopy. Transmitted optical microscopy is also used, but mainly for mineralogy specimens.
Stereo Optical Microscopy
The stereo microscope is an optical microscope variant, designed for low magnification observation of a specimen, using the light reflected from the specimen surface.
Scanning Electron Microscopy
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a specimen by scanning the specimen surface with a focused beam of electrons. The electrons interact with the atoms in the specimen, producing various signals that can be translated into information about the surface topography and the composition of the specimen.
Transmission Electron Microscopy
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) uses a beam of electrons transmitted through an ultra-thin specimen and that interacts with the specimen as it passes through it. Generated signals can be translated into various types of information, including information on the type and orientation of individual crystals.
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