In the United States, the first preparation of feed began in the early 20th century. All commercial broilers and turkeys are fed to pelleted feed, a process that has not changed much over the years. In fact, the exact economic benefits may not be well defined. Today, existing feed mills exist as part of intensive production and are considered essential and major processing cost centers. Most feed manufacturers have been working hard to reduce feed processing costs, which has led to ways to reduce processing costs. But perhaps these methods do not produce the best quality feed. What we know is that quality feed and the method of granulating it will affect the conversion rate of the feed. Since feed is one of the biggest costs in animal production, the most economical effort to make feed granulation is a key factor.
Although feed mills are vertically integrated according to economic belts, they have not yet been fully integrated by production. The actual value of the effect of feed form or physical quality on feed conversion ratio, bird uniformity and growth rate is still too little known. It is not just a matter of treating a feed mill as a cost center. It seems to be more of a “tool†that can influence intensive poultry production in other areas.
It is difficult to summarize the impact of granulation on the performance of feed mills and poultry production. No research has been done, and fewer people have reported enough data to support their assumptions. For example, have you examined the number of fines and particles in the change interval, or have the quality data of pellet feed been reported? Two kinds of diets with fine powder removed, but with different particle firmness, will result in different production performance. Today, publications without such data should not be published.
The risk of pathogens transferred from feed to poultry is small but does exist. This is a risk factor with potentially high cost. However, in most poultry industries, this does not affect feed processing practices. Obviously, we have multiple ways to improve the quality of feed hygiene using different processing methods, but we always want to absorb additional feed processing costs and make basic improvements in the way feed is processed, processed and transported to the farm.
Commercial poultry have certain behavioral, physiological, and even anatomical properties that need to be considered when processing feed. Certain processing techniques can affect the bioavailability of certain nutrients and affect the nutritional needs of poultry. Feeding pelleted feed to poultry has increased feed conversion and growth rates, which in turn has increased the economics of poultry production for many years. Therefore, meat poultry feed is always processed into pellet feed or scrap feed. Studies on various sources of literature have shown that granulation increases feed conversion by 0 to 12%. Because feed costs are a major part of the cost of producing meat, even a small increase in feed conversion rates can increase economic returns. The cost of mixing and processing feed must also be considered. These costs must never exceed the benefits of production performance observed in poultry production.
The basic processing of pelleted feed has been the same for many years. However, great changes have taken place in the meat and poultry industry. Producers no longer buy feed from feed mills, but feed mills exist as part of a consortium-efficient production system. Thus, the importance of emphasizing feed quality in an independent feed mill has declined as feed has become internal production. Nutritionists now have a deep understanding of the biological value of feed ingredients and the nutritional needs of all poultry. Geneticists have raised the growth rate, size, yield, etc. of poultry to levels that were once thought impossible. However, although it has been recognized that processed high quality feed directly affects growth and feed conversion ratios, the importance of feed quality has been greatly reduced.
In the past few years, the interest recovered by equipment manufacturers has led to dramatic changes in feed processing. Feed mills will have greater flexibility in changing feed processing parameters, which will affect feed nutrient supply levels. The purpose of this review is to examine the adverse effects of lower quality feed on poultry production and the changes at this level.
Defining the quality of pelleted feed
The quality of the pellet feed is determined by the Particle Durability Index (PDI). This is a simple method of measurement. In this method, pellet feed samples are turned over in a rotary box for a fixed period of time to simulate the delivery and handling of the feed (Fairfield. 1994). The ratio of fine powder to particles in the sample after inversion is the PDI value. Thus, a feed with a high PDI value means that the pellet feed produced can be better maintained as it is before being fed. Feed mills should use this method as a simple method to determine the quality of pelleted feed. Unfortunately, most of the aforementioned literature reported in poultry publications focuses on the weight values ​​of fines and granules rather than the value of PDI. This makes it very difficult, if not impossible, to convert many of the available data for poultry feed quality. For example, a sieved feed contains 100% granules but may contain only "soft" granules that are easily broken during feeding, which has been observed in our research experiments (Wilson and Beyer, 1998). ).
Many feed pellets are destroyed during loading and unloading, storage, screwing, and transport to the feeding trough. The handling of the feed results in a reduction in the amount of particles and, in some cases, a significant reduction in the total number of particles in the feed prior to final feeding. Because automated feed delivery and handling systems are necessary, the best remedy for this situation seems to be to use different feed processing methods to increase the PDI value of the feed. It is important to re-emphasize that the PDI value is a better measure of the quality of the pelleted feed than the total particle count.
Granulation and management considerations
Certain behavioral and anatomical characteristics of poultry must be considered during rearing. Granulation reduces feed waste in the farm, thanks in part to the anatomical characteristics of the birds. Obviously, poultry have no teeth and cannot chew. Without teeth, you need to consume the feed by gravity. Broilers and turkeys cannot easily dig food. Feeds with uneven particle sizes increase waste because smaller particles are easily lost from the mouth of the poultry. In order to fill the capsules, poultry that consume fines or powders must spend more time standing on the feed, which will reduce the feed conversion rate because more energy is needed to feed the feed. Even the height of the feeder is important because it can affect the amount of wasted feed when placed above or below the optimum height. Indeed, our work has shown that if the quality of the feed is low, the height of the feeder should be lower than the recommended height. Today's poultry has a short growing season and a large body, so the time to stand can be short. Of course, there are other practical reasons for pelletizing feed, including reducing dust, improving transport characteristics, increasing bulk density, and reducing grading.
Choosing to gain weight at shorter days will undoubtedly affect basic anatomical and physiological characteristics. For example, anatomical changes in poultry due to increased growth rate and body weight mean that the poultry's mouth has changed slightly. At first, this may not seem important, but this small change may affect the spillage and feeding time of the feed.
It is known that the dissection structure of the digestive system is affected by the size of the feed, which in turn affects the absorption of nutrients (Choi et al., 1986). This issue is particularly important given that broilers and turkeys selected for rapid growth are forced to quickly reach market weight and their digestive systems are not yet mature. Studies are limited to the appropriate particle size required for broiler and turkey, which may need to be noted due to changes in feed processing methods. We have neglected the importance of particle length and particle size, as current processing methods often result in the production of soft particles that cause the pellet feed to rupture during the experiment or at the farm. Poultry production performance can be improved by giving precise particle size and optimizing for poultry age or body weight.
The granularity of the feed is also important because of the sharp vision of the poultry. Studies have shown that poultry need a feed that is larger than the particle size of the powder. If fed to a diet containing equal proportions of granules and fines, the poultry will first consume pelleted feed. Poorly processed feeds containing too much fines often result in some poultry eating only pelleted feed, while leaving small particles and fines to those that are more docile. Because the quality of the particles affects the growth rate, the presence of fines in the feed can affect the uniformity and processing of the birds. If the poultry fine powder is fed, a reduction in feed conversion rate and weight gain rate can be observed (Blakely et al., 1963; Brewer and Ferket et al., 1989; Moran, 1989; Waibel et al., 1992). Based on experience, it seems that the old data show that every 10% increase in fines will result in a 1% reduction in feed conversion, which was also observed in broiler experiments.
New matters to be considered in processing
The requirement to eliminate contaminated feed as a source of pathogens can quickly affect the processing of poultry feed due to the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the food. In efforts to reduce pathogenic bacteria in food from farm to table, possible sources of contamination such as certain feed ingredients will be carefully examined (Pomeroy et al., 1989).
The availability of new feed processing equipment that can improve the quality of pelleted feed and thereby improve the performance of poultry production has also received attention. Fortunately, as we use new processing equipment to improve the quality of pelleted feed, the hygienic quality of the feed will improve. This may also affect the way we currently use particulate binders and other additives to improve particle quality (Salmon, 1985).
Interest in choosing different feed processing methods has increased. These methods include expanders, compactors, pressurized granulation, and the like. The interest in using expanders in the United States has recently increased, although this method has been used in Europe for some time (Vest, 1996). An expander is a device that is similar in procedure to an extruder and requires less energy and maintenance.
Briefly, the feed passes through a conditioner, passing through a thin gap formed between the conical device and the extrusion chamber. The width of the gap determines the mechanical pressure applied to the feed, which is maintained by an adjustable hydraulic system. As the feed passes through this gap, the temperature rises due to the frictional force. In this way, the feed not only experiences a short-term temperature rise, but the feed particles are also subjected to shear forces. Under normal conditions, heat-sensitive nutrients are also the least destroyed due to exposure of the feed to high temperatures for only a short period of time. It is speculated that these factors lead to an increase in the bioavailability of the aforementioned digestible feed ingredients, while reducing the amount of microorganisms in the feed (Peisker, 1994; Armstrong, 1993; Fencher, 1996).
Tempering the feed under pressure is another method under consideration (Pelleting Concept International, 1998). The increase in pressure causes the physical properties of the steam to change so that the temperature of the steam exceeds 100 degrees Celsius. This increases the degree of ripening and reduces costs. Our laboratory work shows that this processing method greatly improves the quality of pelleted feed (Wilson et al., 1999a).
Wenger has recently begun experimenting with a new device that will greatly improve the maturity of the feed and the quality of the pelleted feed. Research has shown that feed processed by this method improves poultry production performance (Wilson et al., 1999b). Since feed costs are so important for poultry production costs, the selectivity of processing methods in poultry feed production should be considered.
Nutritional considerations
Although nutritionists have precisely defined the nutritional needs of poultry, research on the effects of feed patterns on nutritional needs has not been done. Earlier, Jensen et al. (1965) found that the amount of lysine required to grow turkeys fed pellets was increased compared to growing turkeys fed a powder-like diet. This is especially true when the lysine content is at the boundary level. Since granulation increases the energy production of the diet, the authors speculate that poultry need more lysine because the amount of certain nutrients is related to the availability of other nutrients. For example, if the feed conversion rate caused by granulation is increased by an average of 10%, the theoretical requirement for lysine for growing turkey should be 1.43% instead of 1.3% for powdered feed (National Research Council).
Some of the problems that exist are that many data sheets for the bioavailability of nutrients are based on unprocessed powdered feed. In practice, poultry production performance is different compared to feeding high quality feed compared to feeding high quality feed.
There are many nutritional considerations for adding expanders or other forms of feed processing equipment to feed mills. From a practical point of view, the expander allows the feed mill to utilize more raw materials that reduce the feed PDI value without the need to add additives that increase feed durability. Because some feed producers add fat after granulation, the expander allows for more fat to be added to the mixer, eliminating the need to spray fat on the surface of the granules.
The annulus expander produces high quality pellet feeds with very high PDI values ​​(Wilson et al., 1997). This is attributed to an increase in the degree of gelatinization of the starch granules, which acts as a gum that binds the feed granules together. However, there is no indication that an increase in the degree of gelatinization of the starch leads to an increase in the digestibility of the feed by poultry. According to Peisker (1994), expanders increase the gelatinization of starch, increase the stability of fat, increase the level of metabolic energy, reduce microbial contamination, and increase the content of soluble fiber. Fancher (1996) reported that feeding the turkey with the expanded feed increased the growth rate and feed conversion ratio compared to feeding the granulated feed. Research data in our laboratory indicates that feeding broilers with expanded feed and common granulated feed increased by 5-10%. Some nutritionists are concerned about the loss of certain heat-sensitive nutrients, but our work shows that this loss is not as big as it is (Coelho, 1994).
Smith et al. (1995) found that there was no difference in the true metabolizable energy value (TME) of the expanded feed, although the expansion increased the conversion rate of the feed. Similar data has been reported for granulated feeds, which is understandable because the increase in energy caused by granulation is due to an increase in production energy rather than an increase in metabolic energy. However, it appears that the shear forces generated by the expander increase the availability of nutrients that were originally combined between the fibrous materials. Our laboratory work has shown that when corn or soybean meal swells under different cone pressures, it may increase the bioavailability of amino acids. Increasing the cone pressure increases the total true metabolic energy value, the bioavailability of the amino acid, the solubility of the protein, and the degree of gelatinization of the starch. However, these products are processed separately and further data are needed to determine if nutrient interactions from different sources occur during the starch gelatinization stage. The interaction of protein, starch and fat particles should be easy to interact under pressure or at elevated temperatures.
Monitor moisture
The addition of moisture to the mixer indicates that the grain durability of the corn-soybean meal diet can be increased and the energy consumption of the granulation can be reduced. However, the impact of this process on animal performance has not been tested (Fairchild and Greer, 1999). From the point of view of feed processing, the purpose of granulation is to produce high quality pelleted feeds with minimal production costs (Mommer and Ballantyne, 1991). Fairchild and Greer (1999) report that increasing the moisture content of the powdered feed in the mixer reduces the energy consumption of the granulator and increases the durability of the granules. In this study, only improving the durability of the granules would undoubtedly improve the broiler production economically.
Adding moisture to the feed in this manner has never been tested in the performance evaluation of the inner chicken production. However, broiler feeds granulated with high proportions of water have a significant improvement in broiler performance (Yalda and Forbs, 1996). We conducted a trial to examine the effects of adding water to powdered feed, crushed feed, and common pellets on live weight gain (LWG), feed efficiency (FE), and mortality in male broilers. Feed form and moisture treatment were applied to the 0-3 week old cage culture study and the 0-6 week old leveling study. Water addition was carried out using the system of Agrichem (1999).
The treatment group consisted of a high moisture and low moisture powder feed, a pellet feed and a pellet feed group. The moisture in the low moisture and high water treatment groups averaged 92.7% and 85.3% dry matter, respectively. The moisture addition is carried out in a mixer. Moisture control uses a commercial surfactant/water spray system with a moisture detector installed directly in the mixer. Immediately after the addition of water, the powdered feed was mixed for 180 seconds, then the fat was added and another 180 second of mixing was carried out. For the pelletized or pelletized feed treatment group, the powdered feed was transferred to a granulator, which was sequentially tempered and prepared using a short-time conditioner (0.31 × 0.91 m); and kept at a constant temperature of 82.22 ° C for 10 seconds. The pellet feed was made with a CPMMMHD1000 series granulator (ring size 3.97 x 31.75 mm). The granulated feed was made using a granulator with a roll gap of 2 mm. All granulated chick feed was made under constant granulator motor load. The granulated growing chicken material is produced at a constant productivity under the combined effect of a higher moisture content and a larger feed volume. Samples were collected sequentially from each processed batch. These samples were tested for moisture, starch lake degree, and particle durability.
There is a 7% difference in the final moisture content of the mixed diet. The feed added with water has a higher PDI value, no fine powder, a higher degree of starch gelatinization and easy granulation processing. The granule/general pellet feed showed higher live weight gain and feed efficiency (p<0.05) in both trials compared to the powdered feed treatment group. Compared with the low-moisture treatment group (data not shown), the high-moisture treatment group showed higher feed efficiency (P<0.05) in the 3-6 weeks old leveling study. The mortality rate of broilers is only affected in the three- to six-week-old study. Among them, the mortality rate of the ordinary pellet group was higher than that of the powder feed group (p<0.05). Based on these results, it is concluded that high-moisture, granulated diets are beneficial for the production performance of growing chickens aged 3-6 weeks, and the granulated or pelleted feed is superior to the powder throughout the broiler breeding period. Feed. When the moisture content is adjusted, the improvement in feed conversion rate is not only due to the form of the feed, but also the added moisture brings some benefits. The practical application of adding a small amount of water to the feed mixture prior to granulation will require further research to determine.
in conclusion
The processing quality of poultry feed has not received sufficient attention. Most feed processing studies are based on old processing methods and the results may be unreliable. Feed morphology interacts with poultry behavior, management, and anatomical changes, and may even affect the need for certain nutrients. Properly processed feed will increase growth and increase feed conversion and product quality. The effects of feed conditioning and processing on nutrient availability need to be determined in order to increase the accuracy of the feeding process and minimize costs. Precise control of the quality, particle diameter and length of the pellets can lead to increased efficiency. The lowest cost feed formulation should consider the impact on feed quality and poultry performance. (Author: RSBeyer, JSMoritz. KJWilson and KRCramer Translator: Wang Weiguo)
Tri-proof lamp is a lamp that can effectively resist heavy rain, strong waters jets, and dustproof, which makes it suitable for outdoor use in various weather conditions.
Commercial Interior Lighting,Tri Proof Light,Sensor Tri Proof Led Light,Touch On Off Tri Proof Lamp
Henan Idui Import and Export Trade Co., Ltd , https://www.acesunraylight.com