At the end of 2017, a 1000-meter-long magical road once smashed the circle of friends of Jinan citizens, because the world's first highway photovoltaic test section was officially opened to traffic in Jinan.
Now, another bold attempt for photovoltaic power generation applications – railway PV is being realized in the UK. Bankset Energy Corporation, a UK-based renewable energy investment company, is ambitious to propose a photovoltaic railroad plan to install a Giva-scale solar photovoltaic system on a global railway sleeper.
In June 2018, a 200 MW PV system was installed on the 1000 km rail track in Germany. The project will be completed in 2019 and will expand to 10,000 km by 2022. In the future, it will be applied on the railroad tracks of France, the United States, China and Italy.
Laying photovoltaic on a long railway, neither occupying land nor delaying the train operation, can be described as a dual-use, "fish and bear's paw". However, the "photovoltaic railway" still leaves a series of questions for PV practitioners: How can photovoltaic panels be integrated into the rails? How to solve the problem of power consumption and cost?
Prospects
When the train is driving fast, it will generate tremendous pressure and impact. Can such a photovoltaic track pass the test?
Patrick Buri, president of Bankset Energy, told the media, “We use patented technology, silicone and aluminum solar panels are designed to clamp existing railway sleepers. This technology is currently being used on concrete, wood, steel and other materials. Experimented and withstood the test of time." He said, "This technology does not affect the infrastructure, thus avoiding the cost of replacing existing sleepers."
According to Patrick Brie, well-designed solar panels can withstand various pressures, such as the train itself, hail, rocks, etc., whether in high-speed lines, or in medium-speed secondary lines, slow-track, and parking tracks. No pressure.
Regarding this system, Buri said that solar cells are manufactured in the United States and assembled at two manufacturing centers in Europe. It also has a manufacturing center in Asia - China. It is said that Bankset is currently discussing with some sleeper manufacturers to develop the technology and adapt its products to fit all existing sleepers.
"Railway PV is very promising and it is worthwhile to try." He Jijiang, deputy secretary general of the Energy Internet Committee of China Energy Research Association, told the reporter of the Chinese Journal of Science and Technology that the primary problem of photovoltaic paving on railway sleepers is earthquake resistance. “This is not complicated. There are some types of components that have excellent seismic performance. For example, copper-indium gallium selenide (CIGS) thin-film photovoltaics have little effect.â€
"When using ordinary crystalline silicon as a component, silicone is used to protect the components, and the seismic performance is also very good. These problems should be solved." He Jijiang said.
Another problem with photovoltaic railways is that the length of the railway line is long, the area of ​​a single photovoltaic panel is small, and the wear of the grid is relatively large. The output power of a photovoltaic power plant needs to consider many factors, such as temperature, dust and pollution, occlusion, component orientation and inclination, inverter efficiency, cable loss, etc., as well as railway photovoltaics. "When connected to the grid, the grid-connected system still needs some innovation. If you want to directly supply the locomotive traction power, you need some technical process guarantee." He Jijiang said.
Cost is another problem that needs to be faced. “The sleepers are very narrow strips, the photovoltaic panels are laid, and the electricity is stored. The step of grid connection will be cumbersome. It takes a little effort to reduce the cost. Down." He Jijiang said.
Still difficult to land
In He Jijiang's view, China's railway mileage of more than 100,000 kilometers, if the sleepers are covered by photovoltaics, there will be dozens of GW of electricity generated each year. If you want to do a pilot, the busy railway lines from Beijing to Guangzhou or Shanghai or the route from Beijing to Xinjiang can be tried. “The busy roads use a lot of electricity, the northwest is bright, and the electricity generated by the photovoltaic sleepers can be used along the railway. System consumption, each has its advantages."
"In fact, railway PV can not be promoted, it is not the photovoltaic enterprise, but the railway company." He Jijiang said frankly that he discussed this issue with the relevant person in charge of the China Railway Group Third Survey and Design Institute two years ago. The enthusiasm of the department is not high. “They think there may be security risks when deploying PV on the railway.â€
"Because China's railway operation is basically the responsibility of the railway head office, specifically to the photovoltaic installation of sleepers, the railway company's asset management department "is in principle interested in the reuse of existing railway assets combined with photovoltaics, but considering that there may be The risks, they are difficult to make a substantial push. It is impossible for the grass-roots railway bureau to make independent decisions in such key areas involving the safety of the railway system. He Jijiang said that the reason why the photovoltaic roads in Jinan can be put into trial operation is because different road sections belong to different expressway companies and there will always be The company wants to explore new technologies.
“On the photovoltaic railway, it is possible to explore the technology and application prospects, but there is still a long way to go from the scale of promotion and application.†The former executive director of the National Energy Research Institute of the International Cooperation Center of the National Development and Reform Commission and the vice president of the North China Research Institute Chang Baijun told the reporter of the Chinese Journal of Science. To pump the sent electricity into the overhead line to power the train, it needs to be boosted. There is a problem with the PV power supply and stability. How to match the other power supply, because the railway has high reliability for power supply, and the sleeper area is too Small, one by one is not easy. “Even if the technical problems can be solved, there is no advantage in photovoltaic railways compared to traditional applications such as roofs, walls, floors, roads and other areas with high light receiving areas.â€
Cost bottleneck
With the spread of green energy and environmental protection trends, the combination of renewable energy and mass transportation is becoming more and more common, and photovoltaic railways are just one of many scenarios. In July 2016, the Hohhot Railway Bureau of Inner Mongolia completed the country's first railway system photovoltaic power generation demonstration project. The photovoltaic tile was placed on the roof of the Hohhot Shaliang Logistics Park with a capacity of 2.4 MW. The power generation was mainly used for railway transportation and production.
Another installable location for photovoltaics on the road is the soundproof wall or the fence. In 2012, China's first photovoltaic soundproof wall independently established by Yingli Group officially has the conditions for grid-connected power generation, and applied for approval of the national utility model patent.
However, He Jijiang told reporters: "The cost of PV on the soundproof wall is relatively high, and it is not cost-effective to do it." If it is built on a large scale, the cost may still drop significantly.
Photovoltaic has an application scenario worthy of expectation in the transportation field. The super high-speed rail proposed by the American entrepreneur Elon Musk will be transported by means of pipelines. PV will be installed above the pipeline, and the DC power of photovoltaics will be used to drive the super-railway. Magnetic suspension power system.
In the plan, the future super railways all rely on photovoltaic power generation. "In terms of technology landing, his argument is basically feasible." He Jijiang commented that the installation of photovoltaics on the roof above the railway has the advantages of large light receiving area, large power generation, rain and snow blocking, and improved railway operation. The safety, and the height of the railway is limited, do not worry about the height limit. "The shortcoming of this aspect is still that the cost is too high." He Jijiang said. It is a relatively easy way to realize the construction of large-scale photovoltaic carports in the train parking lots of railway stations of railway bureaus. The scale of individual projects will be relatively large, and the integration of netting and consumption is not a problem, and the price is easy to control. The difficulty is how to effectively control the safety impact of the construction process on the train.
The cost is not only the bottleneck of the PV application in the above scenarios, but also the Notice of the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Finance, and the National Energy Administration on the Matters Concerning Photovoltaic Power Generation in 2018 (hereinafter referred to as “5·31 New Dealâ€), requiring the photovoltaic industry. Accelerating the cheaper Internet journey, which also makes some enterprises squat in the market and has no research and development; but from the general trend, in order to create better project yields in the era of parity, to activate the enthusiasm of downstream investment, the photovoltaic industry is more and more upstream and downstream. Enterprises are actively pursuing their goals through “efficiency†rather than simply “loweringâ€.
The “5·31 New Deal†marks the end of the era of profiteering in the photovoltaic industry. Tian Jun, general manager of the rising sun in the East, told the reporter of the Journal of Chinese Academy of Sciences that after the release of the “5·31 New Dealâ€, the entire photovoltaic industry showed four characteristics: to profiteering, squeeze foam; industry growth rate and installed speed Slow down; industry reshuffle begins, the market may be monopolized by three or five companies in the next two or three years; photovoltaics enter the era of technology and products.
“In the photovoltaic sector, we implement a two-step strategy,†Tian Jun said. “On the one hand, we will vigorously develop users; on the other hand, we will cooperate with distributors and financial institutions to do distributed business, and the future blue ocean market will still exist.â€
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