In the northern part of China, "the drought of ten years and nine springs", especially in the northwest Loess Plateau, most apple orchards have been suffering from water shortage and lack of fertilizer. Due to drought and water shortage and insufficient soil fertility, water and fertilizer are not coordinated, resulting in small fruit and poor quality. The output is low and unstable, which is also a limiting factor affecting the further improvement of apple production and quality in our province. Therefore, in the spring, we should pay close attention to the management of water and fertilizer in the apple orchard, in order to facilitate the sprouting of the apple tree, flowering and fruit setting, and improve yield and quality. In the spring of apple orchards, especially in the dry season, water and fertilizer management can be started from the following points.
1. Strengthen dryland conservation measures. Traditional cultivating and hoeing are effective measures for spring orchard conservation, which can reduce the evaporation of water in the soil. For dryland orchards, if combined with methods such as covering grass and film, the effect of moisturizing is more significant. Covering grass can reduce water evaporation, reduce surface runoff, and favorable surface humidity stability; the film has the function of maintaining soil moisture and increasing ground temperature, which can promote early spring root early activities and increase soil available nutrients. Grass covering and laminating are generally carried out after rain or after watering. When mulching, a single mulch is used for the young trees, and the double mulch is used for the large trees. Apply urea before planting grass, 0.5-1 kg per plant, and evenly cover the grass and compact. The effect of covering the finely divided grass is 15-20 cm thick, leaving a 50 cm wide working path between the two rows of trees. After the grass is covered, it is generally not ploughed. It only needs to be covered with a layer of grass every year, and it will be ploughed after 4-5 years. When the tree is covered with grass, the grass is not covered within 50 cm of the trunk, and 1000 kg is used per mu. When the grass is covered between rows, 2000 kg per grass is used; when the garden is covered with grass, 3000 kg per acre is used.
2. Apply water and fertilizer integration technology. 1 hole storage of water and fertilizer. First, dig 4-6 deep caves with a diameter of 40 cm and a diameter of 20-30 cm under the tree, then bundle the straw into a straw of 30 cm and a diameter of 15-20 cm, and thoroughly soak it in the human excrement and put it into the hole. Then, the high-quality organic fertilizer and soil are mixed in a ratio of 2:1, and then filled into the cave. Each hole is filled with 100-150 g of urea and 150-200 g of diammonium phosphate, and finally watered and covered. When covering the film, the surrounding area should be high and the middle should be low. A small hole should be opened in the center of the hole to collect rainwater and artificially replenish water and fertilizer when it is dry. The key season for fruit trees to be water-fertilized can also be supplemented from under the mulch. 2 Follow the application of biogas fertilizer. The germination of the long shoots, flowering and fruit setting, fruit enlargement, post-harvesting and other links can be traced to the biogas slurry and biogas residue. Generally, the ditch is 20 cm deep and 30 cm wide, and the mature biogas slurry and the biogas residue are applied to the ditch and covered with soil. The result tree was administered 25-50 kg per plant per year, and it was applied 4-5 times throughout the year. Note that fertilizer should be applied at the same time in the important period such as application of fertilizer, germination and fruit enlargement.
3. Actively promote efficient irrigation. The traditional flood irrigation is not only a waste of water, but also the accumulation of water for a long time causes the root system to be in a poorly breathing environment, which will adversely affect the tree. Therefore, it is necessary to actively promote improved ground irrigation techniques such as alternate furrow irrigation, tree tray irrigation, and flood irrigation under trees. Alternate furrow irrigation is to excavate two ditch 10-20 cm deep and 20-30 cm wide at a distance of 0.5-1.0 m from the trunk. When the water source is convenient, one side is poured once, and the other side is poured at intervals of 3-5 days. Inconveniently, both sides can be poured at the same time. Rapid furrow irrigation has little damage to the soil structure, and the root system can quickly return to normal breathing. It is a ground irrigation method worthy of promotion. In addition, water sources and places with water pressure conditions are best equipped with water-saving irrigation facilities such as drip irrigation and simple sprinkler irrigation (spray water). Under-film drip irrigation is a more water-saving method, and it has a comprehensive effect of retaining water and promoting tree growth. It is an important measure to develop intensive and efficient agriculture.
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