Abstract Because the top-level design is not in place, the policy system is not perfect, the key technologies are subject to people, and the construction of gas pipeline network is lagging. The shale gas exploration and development in China has achieved “point breakthrough†in the Fuling shale gas field, but it has been promoted as a whole. Still ten...
Because the top-level design is not in place, the policy system is not perfect, the key technologies are subject to people, and the construction of the gas pipeline network is lagging behind. Although the shale gas exploration and development in China has achieved “point breakthrough†in the Fuling shale gas field, it still advances as a whole. Very slow. Industry insiders and experts have called for the shale gas as a new mineral, the country should use reform thinking as the entry point for China's energy management system reform, strengthen the top-level design, and stimulate various market entities and local governments to participate in exploration and development. Enthusiasm, at the same time strengthen the construction of the supervision system, strengthen technical research, improve the pipe network system, and thus achieve breakthroughs in the face. Strengthening the top layer to design new minerals requires reforming new thinking
The industry insiders generally believe that in the exploration and development of shale gas, there are mainly two aspects of interest relations that need to be strengthened by the state's top-level design. One is to develop the distribution of interests between enterprises and resources; the second is the main development status of central enterprises. Coordinate with the interests of market participation.
In terms of enterprise-land relations, people in the land and resources industry said that shale gas is an independent mineral species and currently uses a type of mineral resources management. The allocation of mineral rights is in the Ministry of Land and Resources and cannot be intervened locally. Although the innovation of two rounds of shale gas mining rights bidding was carried out, it did not change the mode of unified management and unified allocation by the state.
The grassroots believe that this model may bring a lot of problems to the localities. For example, when the mining rights are transferred, the value of the single-mineral resources compensation fee is often considered, and the geological environmental consequences that the resource development will leave for the locality are not considered. The investment in the recovery is not considered, and the investment is not considered. The compensation for the destruction of the ecological environment, and the maximization of the use of resources and the layout of the pipeline are also insufficiently considered. It is easy to cause the ecological environment and the cost of resettlement for the people in the place where the resources are located. However, the “real gold and silver†obtained by the localities is rare. This problem exists in the development of oil and gas.
Experts believe that the Fuling shale gas field is a model for mutual development and mutual benefit of central enterprises and local governments. However, there is no relevant policy design on the national top-level design to tilt local interests. Experts have called for the establishment of a benefit compensation mechanism for the establishment of shale gas development entities and resources, so that localities can share the dividends of resource development.
In the relationship between central enterprises and other market entities in the development of shale gas, there is currently the problem of "money can't go, gas can't come out". Zhang Dawei, director of the Mineral Resources Reserve Evaluation Center of the Ministry of Land and Resources, believes that one of the major problems that restricts the development of domestic shale gas is that the mineral rights market has not been truly liberalized. Although two rounds of bidding have been carried out, the problem of optimizing quality blocks has not been solved. PetroChina and Sinopec have many core high-quality shale gas blocks, but due to limited energy, “two barrels of oil†has only started work at several points. Other companies want to come in and choose only the second- and third-stream blocks. The current development situation is not satisfactory.
Zhang Dawei called for the re-shuffling of shale gas mine rights at the national level. For the blocks that have been mined by PetroChina and Sinopec, the proven blocks, and the endowments of shale gas resources, the oil companies want to do their own blocks. They are all left to the original oil company for mining, but an agreement must be signed in advance to ensure that the required investment amount is reached in these blocks within a certain period of time. The remaining blocks should be taken out to allow private, state-owned and foreign-funded enterprises to participate in the bidding.
A serious lack of technical standards for the technical standards needs to be established
Some oil and gas development supervision departments said in an interview that an important problem in the current shale gas exploration and development process is that the supervision is relatively lagging. There is no special exploration and development supervision system. Most of the conventional natural gas standards are used to carry out shale gas. Regulatory, but shale gas exploration and mining methods are very different from conventional natural gas. In this regard, the state should formulate regulatory measures and regulatory mechanisms for shale gas exploration and development as soon as possible.
Taking environmental protection as an example, shale gas is a kind of clean energy, but there are many environmental risks in its exploration and development process, which will inevitably bring pollution or damage to the atmosphere, groundwater, soil and vegetation. First of all, the impact on the water environment. According to the statistics of the US Department of Energy, the shale gas single well drilling water consumption is up to 15,000 cubic meters. When the water consumption is large, the fracturing fluid contains hundreds of chemical components. If the recirculating fracturing fluid cannot be treated in time or cause leakage, Will pollute the groundwater. Secondly, shale gas contains methane, volatile organic compounds and other harmful pollutants. Once leaked, it will cause air pollution. For example, the greenhouse gas effect of methane is at least 20 times that of carbon dioxide. Third, during the mining process, shale gas will have a negative impact on the local ecological environment due to the destruction of the vegetation occupied by drilling and transportation and pipeline construction. In addition, China's understanding and practice of shale gas is relatively weak, and there are differences in shale gas geological conditions, distribution characteristics, pipe network foundation, etc., and will face more unknowable environmental risks.
The reporter interviewed the Fuling shale gas field. The local cadres and the masses expressed their concerns about the environment. The local people said: I don’t know if the shale gas will bring out the underground toxic and harmful gases. Is the government's environmental protection measures in place? Whether the environmental protection facilities and emergency measures of the mining unit are perfect...
Some grassroots environmental law enforcement officials told reporters that there is currently no set of environmental assessment technical specifications specifically for shale gas exploration and development. How to calculate clean mining, whether it pollutes groundwater, how noise and safety distance are delineated, and how it affects ecological vegetation... Therefore, environmental supervision is difficult to implement. For example, they say that whether shale gas mining pollutes groundwater requires a 1:50000 hydrogeological survey as the basis for evaluation. However, these basic surveys have not been done before shale gas development, and there is no basic data, so it is impossible to monitor groundwater. The change.
Wang Zhen, executive vice president of China Energy Strategy Research Institute of China University of Petroleum, and other experts pointed out that after the shale gas mining investment is diversified, many non-oil companies and private capital enter the field of shale gas mining, such as lack of self-discipline and supervision, plus The high cost of pollution treatment will inevitably double the environmental risk. Taking Sinopec's exploration in Chongqing as an example, drilling a horizontal well of shale gas of about 3,000 meters, resulting in pollution such as mud, cuttings, sewage and waste liquid, including about 500 tons of mud and cuttings, and 1 ton of harmless treatment. More than 1,100 yuan, the cost is more than 550,000 yuan; sewage waste liquid is 10,000 cubic meters, and the treatment cost is more than 600 million yuan. In other words, it takes millions of yuan to drill a shale gas well environmental protection expenditure.
Key technologies still need to be tackled.
Although the Fuling shale gas field has made some breakthroughs in shale gas exploration and development technology, in the face of the geological conditions of shale gas storage, China's shale gas exploration and development technology is still weak, and the external dependence has not changed. Focus on tackling key problems and construct a shale gas exploration and development technical system suitable for China's geological features.
At present, China's shale gas is still in its infancy. From the current point of view, for the shallow shale gas mining of 3,500 meters, a certain breakthrough has been achieved in technology and equipment. However, most of China's shale gas storage is concentrated in the geological layer of 3,500 meters deep, and the corresponding mining technology and equipment have not yet achieved breakthroughs. For example, in the past two years, Sinopec has explored and developed more than 4,000 meters of wells in Nanchuan District of Chongqing. PetroChina has explored and developed more than 4,000 meters of wells in Chongqing Dazu. Due to lack of technology and equipment, it has not been successful.
Experts said that in order to promote the rapid development of shale gas industrialization, China should formulate policies to encourage independent innovation, carry out major scientific and technological research, strengthen international cooperation, and cooperate with foreign oil and gas companies through joint ventures and shareholdings to introduce, absorb and innovate pages. Rock gas reservoir evaluation technology, perforation optimization technology, horizontal well technology and fracturing technology. In addition, the establishment of technical entry barriers for shale gas mining, in the shale gas tendering process, not only requires the winning bidders to meet the requirements in terms of registered capital and enterprise scale, but also to assess the relevant technologies owned by the company and assess the enterprise. Adopt advanced technology and reliability.
Liu Yuwen, deputy general manager of Sinopec Fuling Shale Gas Branch, said that the lag in the construction of gas pipeline network also restricted the increase of shale gas production capacity. He introduced that according to the current production capacity of the Fuling shale gas field, the daily output can reach 12 million cubic meters, but now it can only press capacity, and the daily output is less than 9 million cubic meters. Liu Yuwen said that although the first domestic shale gas pipeline that was connected to the Sichuan-East Gas Pipeline from the Fuling shale gas field has been completed and put into use, the bottleneck restriction still exists.
Industry insiders and experts said that the successful development of shale gas in the United States benefited from the developed gas pipeline network, which can be used for reference in China. At present, the length of pipelines in 48 states in the United States is nearly 500,000 kilometers, including more than 350,000 kilometers of intercontinental pipelines and more than 140,000 kilometers of pipelines within the state. At the same time, the US natural gas pipeline network facility allows third-party access, achieving a comprehensive separation of natural gas development and transportation, and different policy supervision for developers and pipeline transporters to ensure that shale gas producers have non-discriminatory access conditions to pipelines. , greatly reducing the initial investment in the development and utilization of shale gas, reducing market risk. However, China's shale gas resource enrichment areas are mostly concentrated in the central and western mountainous areas. The construction of the pipeline network is difficult and costly, which is not conducive to shale gas transportation and downstream market development. In this regard, the grassroots level called on the state to plan and construct a shale gas pipeline backbone network as soon as possible, and implement the independence of the pipeline network, open to any party, in order to adapt to the needs of various market entities involved in the development of shale gas.
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