For many types of stone carvings, there is currently no uniform national standard and it is difficult to classify them accurately. According to the development in recent years, combined with traditional habits, stone carving products can be classified according to the following four methods.
Divided by purpose
1. Watch, hang and collect stone craft jewelry.
2, grottoes and cliff stone carvings.
3, cemetery stone carving.
4. Palace, house and garden stone carvings.
5. Temple temple, stone carving of the altar of the building.
6, stone bridge stone carving.
7, stone plaque and stone carving.
8, tower building stone carving.
9, stone carving stone.
10. Characters and animal stone carvings.
11, stone crafts of life crafts.
12. Modern urban gardens and memorial stone carvings.
Depending on the processing tool used
1, hand-carved products. That is, products carved by hand tools such as chisels, hammers, and brazing.
2. Semi-mechanized processing of carvings. That is to say, part of the stone carving by hand and partly by mechanization.
3. Fully automatic CNC machining engraving.
4. Sandblasting sculptures. Engraving using a sandblasting machine. The sandblasting engraving machine is engraved in the engraving of the product using an air machine (air pressure 5-6kg/m2) and corundum spray.
5. Chemical corrosion carvings. That is, the chemical reaction between the chemical etching solution and the stone is used to achieve the engraving of the stone. There are two kinds of embossed (embossed) and intaglio.
According to the traditional carving surface surface modeling method
1, relief. That is, a three-dimensional sculpture is engraved on the surface of the stone. The image is called relief because the image is embossed on the stone surface. According to the different degrees of the depth of the stone surface, it is divided into bas-relief and high relief. The bas-relief is a single-level statue with a single content and no hollowing out. The high relief is a multi-level statue, the content is more complicated, and the openwork is more hollow, which is more fascinating. The embossing is mostly used for the decoration of the walls of the building, as well as the dragon pillars and drums of the temple. The Imperial Road of the Forbidden City in Beijing is a relief.
2, round sculpture. It is a three-dimensional pseudo-modeled artwork that exists in a single body. Each surface of the stone is required to be processed. The craft is characterized by hollowing techniques and fine axe. There are many kinds of such sculptures, most of which are made of single stone sculptures and many stone materials. In recent years, these sculptures have developed many micro-products, some of which are small like a core, and some are as thin as a flap. It is even more exquisite, known as "micro-carving." Such products have completely become a pure handicraft from the practical use of the building. Because of its compactness and portability, it is a commemorative treasure with a bright future.
3. Shen carving. Also known as "line carving", that is, the art of "water mill and Shenhua" carving method. This kind of carving method absorbs the traditional brushstrokes such as Chinese painting and meaning, overlap, and line shape scatter perspective. After the stone material is polished by plane, the pattern text is traced, and then the lines are engraved according to the figure, and the depth of the line is used to reflect the three-dimensional sense. Most of these products are used for the exterior wall decoration of buildings and are highly artistic.
4, shadow carving. New handicrafts developed on the basis of the "needle black and white" craft in the early years. The earliest works were not created by Hui'an artists in the 1960s. Because the works are based on photos, they are called "shadow carvings". This kind of carving is cut into a flat plate with jade crystal lake bluestone. The surface is polished first, and the characteristics of the white point can be displayed by using the chisel chisel. The sharp tools can be used to cut out the size, depth, and density. Point, only the different levels of black and white, so that the image is displayed, not only delicate and realistic, but also unique charm, is the development of stone carving to pure art, opened a new path for the production of stone carving.
5, é•‚ carving. The eagle eagle is a form of sculpture, also known as stencil carving, that is, the part of the stone that is not represented by the image is hollowed out, and the part that can express the object image is left behind. The eagle carving is a technique developed in the round sculpture. It is a technique of carving Shoushan stone in the three-dimensional space. It is developed from the traditional Chinese stone carving process. Ancient stonemason often carved dragons with stone balls. Dragon Ball is stripped from the original stone, bigger than Longkou, rolling in the dragon's mouth without slipping out. This kind of "bead" which is active in the dragon button stone chapter is the simplest hollow sculpture.
6, openwork. In the relief work, the convex image portion is retained, and the back portion is partially hollowed out, which is called openwork. The similarities and differences between openwork and enamel carving and chain carving show that all three have penetrability, but the back of the openwork is mostly expressed in the form of inserting screen, and there are single-sided openwork and double-sided openwork. The single-sided openwork engraves only the front side, and the double-sided openwork engraves the objects on both sides of the front and back. No matter whether it is single-sided or double-sided, it has the essential difference between the carving and the chain carving. That is, the carving and the chain carving are all 360-degree engravings, not front or front and back. Therefore, enamel carving and chain carving are round carving techniques, while openwork is an extension of embossing techniques.
In addition, the stone carving craftsmen of the past and present have also created some carvings of round, floating and sinking. These kinds of carvings all show more complicated content, so take a comprehensive approach in which there are sinking, sinking, and floating in the circle.
Although there are many kinds of stone carving products, there are many classification methods, but the processing steps are roughly the same. Generally, the stone selection model is used to make blank molding products, partial engraving and polishing, cleaning product assembly acceptance and packaging. There are four traditional handcrafting techniques for processing these stone carvings:
1. "Pinch". It is the creation of a blank, which is also the creative design process. Some carvings are sketched before being roughed, and some are first molded with mud or plaster.
2, "é•‚". It is to dig up the useless stone inside according to the line pattern.
3, "tick". Also known as "picking", it is to remove the extra stone from the figure.
4. "Carving". It is the last time to carefully scribble the sculptures.
In recent years, China has successively developed a number of new and multi-functional stone carving processing machinery, which plays a very important role in promoting the development of China's stone carving industry, changing traditional manual operations, improving product quality and grade, and expanding exports. However, there is no unified national standard for stone carving products, and it is recommended that a complete and unified quality standard system be used to standardize and promote the development of the carving industry.
Stone carving classification (by stone)
The art of carving various patterns and images on stones often refers to sculptures crafted with stones. Chinese stone carvings are divided into bluestone carvings, marble carvings, white marble carvings, talc carvings, ink crystal carvings, colored stone carvings, and pebbles carvings. The bluestone carvings of Fujian Hui'an are famous for architectural decoration and stone lions. Among them, Shishikou contains rolling stones and is well-known in Southeast Asia. The marble carvings in Yunnan are made from the marble of the Cangshan Mountain. The pattern is like a coloring landscape, or a dangerous peak, or a waterfall with clouds, and the inlaid furniture has a unique style. The white marble carvings in Quyang, Hebei, and Fangshan in Beijing are mainly used for palace decoration in the Ming and Qing dynasties, such as Chinese watches, stone lions, railings, etc.; modern is used for the decoration of public and memorial buildings, such as the Great Hall of the People and the Monument to the People's Heroes. Chairman Mao Memorial Hall, etc. The talc carvings in Haicheng, Liaoning and Laizhou, Shandong Province are traditional and small animals. Carved stone carvings in Dongkou, Hunan and Lichuan, Hubei, the stone is dark and bright. Color stone carvings are mainly in Zhejiang Qingtian, Fuzhou Shoushan and Hunan Liuyang. Pebble carving is mainly produced in Lanzhou and Shenyang. The stone carving techniques include intaglio (scored outline), shadow carving, relief carving, round carving (completely three-dimensional carving without any background), and carving (also known as openwork). The shadow carving is a unique technique of Fujian Hui'an bluestone carving. It uses a steel drill of different sizes to cut the stone on the bluestone. The size, depth and density of the drill point are used to express the image of landscape, birds, beasts, figures and flowers.
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