The concept of safe (nuisance free) feed pollution-free feed includes both broad and narrow sense. Broadly speaking, pollution-free feed consists of three layers: one is non-toxic to animals; the other is no harmful residues in animal products, no harm to human health; and the third is animal waste. At the same time, in line with these three conditions, it is the pollution-free feed in a broad sense. Accordingly, pollution-free feed means that the substances, varieties and quantities contained in the feed are controlled within the permissible range, do not harm livestock and poultry, do not constitute pollution to the environment, and thus do not affect human health. In the narrow sense, any feed that is not toxic to the animal's body is a pollution-free feed.
Factors affecting feed safety
1. Insect pests, mites and rodents
1 Pest: The feed is often eroded by insect pests during storage, resulting in loss of nutrients or production of toxins. Common pests are: corn elephant, valley elephant, rice elephant, big grain thief, saw grain thief and so on. They not only damage the cake, but also cause losses of up to 5-10%. They also contaminate the feed with various ways such as feces, netting, body dandruff, strange smell and carrying microorganisms. Some insects can also secrete toxins for livestock and poultry. Bring harm.
2 螨 harm: in areas where temperature is suitable and humidity is high, mites are more harmful to feed. Because the cockroaches like to parasitize in a dark and humid environment, its large presence exacerbates the metabolism of carbohydrates in the feed, forming carbon dioxide and water, lowering the enabling value, increasing the water, causing mildew and mildew of the feed, poor palatability, and growth of the animal. Performance is degraded.
â‘¢ rodent: rat harm not only that they eat a lot of feed, but also killed the young birds, young birds, pigs, caused by contaminated feed, resulting in harm to the feed mill packaging, electrical equipment and buildings, causing animals and the spread of human diseases.
2, microbial contamination
1 Mold: At present, there are more than 100 kinds of molds that can produce mycin, among which the main causes of poisoning of humans and animals are Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. Mold can be controlled by proper drying or addition of a mildew inhibitor, which is difficult to remove once the mycotoxin is produced. Although there are some physical, chemical or biological methods for detoxification, it is often difficult to apply in production due to complicated procedures or high costs.
2 Mycotoxins: The more common mycotoxins are aflatoxin, corn erythrotoxin, zearalenone and trichothecene toxin, of which aflatoxin is the most toxic.
a, aflatoxin: susceptible to aflatoxin contamination of corn, cottonseed, peanuts and their cakes. Animals that were contaminated with aflatoxin showed strong cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. Among them, ducklings are the most sensitive, followed by piglets, chicks, breeding pigs, and breeders. Aflatoxin is a hepatic toxin, which is mainly caused by acute hepatitis in animals, hepatocellular carcinoma with liver cancer, poor blood coagulation, and decreased immune function. For adult animals, it is more tolerant, but it still inhibits growth, reduces feed utilization, and causes toxins to remain in livestock and poultry products.
b. Zearalenone: The feeds susceptible to zearalenone are mainly corn, wheat, barley, sorghum, and Yanshou. It is mainly produced by Fusarium, which can cause estrogen hyperactivity in livestock and poultry. The pig is most sensitive, which can make the sow vaginal redness, delayed estrus or estrus, affecting the boar's sperm opening and sexual desire.
c. Trichothecene: T-2 toxin and vomiting toxins are found in corn, wheat, barley, rye and oats. It is mainly produced by Fusarium oxysporum. The target organs of this toxin are the liver and kidney, which are tissue irritants and direct damage to the skin and mucous membranes. It mainly affects the feeding of livestock and poultry, slowing down its growth, vomiting, blood stasis, severe dermatitis, bleeding, and reduced feed utilization.
d. Salmonella: It is the most harmful zoonotic pathogenic microorganism in bacteria, and it is a flagellated rod-shaped bacterium. Feeds susceptible to Salmonella contamination are fish meal, meat and bone meal, and feather meal. Salmonella, which is a threat to livestock and poultry in China, is porcine cholera, bovine enteritis, and chicken white mites.
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